Unveiling of the in vitro Effects of Gefitinib and Paclitaxel Loaded Cockle Shells-derived CaCO3 Nanoparticles on Breast Cancer Cell Lines, Edition 1

carbonate nanoparticles (CSCaCO3NP) utilizing the blood cockle shell (Anadara granosa) waste, resulting in GEF-CSCaCO3NP, PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, and dual drug-loaded GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP. This book focuses on revealing the biological characterization of the nanoparticles in breast cancer cell lines: MCF-7, an ER+ cell line, and SK-BR-3, an EGFR+ cell line. The books also throw light on how these nanoparticles behave with Human Mammary Epithelial cells (HMEC) and how these nanoparticles are non-toxic. The relationship between the drugs determined using XTT and Resazurin reduction assay, showed synergism. Colonigenic assays against MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cell lines resulted in 0% colonies after treatment with PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, and GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, whereas at IC50 concentrations, GEF-CSCaCO3NP treated group had persisting colonies. MCF-7 uptake of the FITC-tagged CSCaCO3NP was studied. Electron microscopic examinations showed that the MCF-7 cells had undergone apoptotic changes and showed characteristic changes like autophagosomes and thicker microfilament bundles, respectively, for GEF-CSCaCO3NP and PTXL-CSCaCO3NP treatments, which were concurrent with the beta-tubulin stabilization in MCF-7 and SK-BR-3 cells, detected using immunofluorescence. Final investigations revealed that GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP was very effective in up-regulating the apoptotic markers Caspase-3 and BAX in the MCF-7 cell line. GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP against MCF-7 showed synergistic inhibition of EGFR2 at Y1248, similar to EGFR at Y1173. In contrast, only the pure drug GEF had lower levels of p-Tyr1068 of EGFR, whereas the drug-loaded nanoparticles had lower inhibition of phosphorylation. In conclusion, the properties of GEF-CSCaCO3NP, PTXL-CSCaCO3NP, and GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP prove that they deliver the payload, and GEF-PTXL-CSCaCO3NP has a high potential, possessing synergistic characteristics that will be a boost in certain breast cancer management. This book contains valuable information on cutting-edge research on nanomaterials and will be suitable for students, researchers, and academicians.